A&P

Identify the layers of the epidermis and describe the major cell types found in each.

Describe the structure and functions of the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis.

Describe the structure and functions of hair, hair follicles, and nails.

Compare the structure, function, and location of sebaceous (oil) glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.

Explain the physiological responses of the integumentary system to injury and aging.

Classify burns by degree and estimate the extent of a burn using the rule of nines.

Classify bones by shape (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid) and provide an example of each.

Identify and define common bone markings used to describe skeletal anatomy (e.g., process, fossa, foramen).

Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone, including the osteon, lamellae, lacunae, and canaliculi.

Compare the microscopic structure and function of spongy bone with that of compact bone.

Describe the functions of the four major bone cell types: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

Compare the processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

Describe the process of bone remodeling, including the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Explain how parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin regulate blood calcium levels.

Identify the major bones of the cranium and face.

Identify the major sutures of the skull (sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoid).

Identify key foramina of the skull (e.g., foramen magnum, optic canal) and the structures that pass through them.

Identify the five regions and four primary curves of the vertebral column.

Distinguish between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae based on their key structural features.

Identify the components of the thoracic cage, including the sternum and all types of ribs (true, false, floating).

Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and their key landmarks.

Identify the humerus and its key bony landmarks.

Identify the radius and ulna and their key bony landmarks.

Identify the bones of the wrist and hand (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges).

Identify the components of the pelvic girdle (os coxae) and its key landmarks.

Compare the key structural differences between the male and female pelvis.

Identify the femur and patella and their key bony landmarks.

Identify the tibia and fibula and their key bony landmarks.

Identify the bones of the ankle and foot (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges).

Classify joints based on their structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis).

Describe the general structure of a synovial joint, including the joint capsule, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage.

Classify the six types of synovial joints by shape (plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket) and provide an example of each.

Define and identify the primary angular and rotational movements at synovial joints (e.g., flexion, extension, abduction, adduction).

Define and identify special movements at specific synovial joints (e.g., supination/pronation, inversion/eversion).

Describe the key structural features and major movements of the shoulder joint.

Describe the key structural features and major movements of the knee joint.

Compare the three types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) based on structure, location, and control.

Describe the organizational hierarchy of skeletal muscle from whole muscle to myofilament.

Identify the components of a sarcomere, including the A band, I band, H zone, Z disc, and M line.

Describe the sequence of events at the neuromuscular junction that initiates a muscle action potential.

Explain the process of excitation-contraction coupling, linking the action potential to the release of calcium ions.

Describe the roles of calcium, ATP, troponin, and tropomyosin in the muscle contraction cycle (cross-bridge formation).

Explain the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction as the result of sarcomere shortening.