Physiotherapy Exam Prep: Mohanty Secrets

Describe the ionic mechanisms of the resting membrane potential and the phases of an action potential.

Explain nerve impulse propagation, differentiating between myelinated (saltatory) and unmyelinated conduction.

Describe the structure of the neuromuscular junction and the sequence of events in synaptic transmission.

Differentiate between types of muscle fibers (Type I, IIa, IIb) based on their physiological and recruitment characteristics.

Differentiate between upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions based on clinical features.

Identify the major arteries of the brain (Circle of Willis) and their primary cortical supply territories.

Correlate occlusions of major cerebral arteries (ACA, MCA, PCA) with their classic stroke syndromes.

Describe the pathophysiology of autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injury patients.

Explain the neurophysiological basis of spinal reflexes, including the stretch, inverse stretch, and withdrawal reflexes.

Explain the role of proprioceptors (muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs) in motor control.

Describe the physiology of muscle contraction according to the sliding filament theory.

Describe the stages of tissue healing for bone, soft tissue, and peripheral nerves.

Describe major ascending pain pathways and the physiological basis of referred pain.

Explain the Gate Control Theory of pain and its application as the physiological rationale for TENS.

Describe the mechanisms of motor control and the core principles of motor learning.

Describe the functions of the autonomic nervous system and its relevance in physiotherapy practice.

Describe characteristics of therapeutic electrical waveforms (e.g., monophasic, biphasic) and define key parameters (frequency, pulse duration, intensity).

Interpret the strength-duration (S-D) curve and its clinical application in diagnosing nerve and muscle pathology.

Differentiate between faradic and galvanic stimulation in terms of waveform, physiological effects, and clinical uses.

Calculate and justify therapeutic parameters for common clinical goals (e.g., pain relief, muscle strengthening).

Explain the physiological effects of TENS based on the Gate Control and Endogenous Opiate theories.

Describe electrode placement techniques, indications, and contraindications for TENS.

Describe the principles, parameters, and clinical applications of Interferential Therapy (IFT).

Explain the principles, parameters, and clinical applications of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES).

Explain the biophysical principles and physiological effects (thermal and non-thermal) of therapeutic ultrasound.

Describe indications, contraindications, and dosage parameters for therapeutic ultrasound.

Describe indications, contraindications, and application parameters for shortwave diathermy (SWD).

Describe the principles and clinical uses of microwave diathermy (MWD) and differentiate it from SWD.

Explain the principles, dosage classification, and therapeutic applications of ultraviolet radiation (UVR).

Describe the principles, physiological effects, and clinical applications of low-level laser therapy (LLLT).

Explain the physiological effects and clinical applications of cryotherapy and contrast bath.

Describe the indications, contraindications, techniques, and parameters of cervical and lumbar traction.

Classify therapeutic exercises by purpose (ROM, strengthening, stretching, endurance).

Describe types of muscle contractions (isometric, isotonic, isokinetic) and their therapeutic applications.

Describe principles and techniques for stretching, including static, dynamic, and PNF stretching.

Describe the diagonal patterns of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) for the upper and lower extremities (D1/D2).

Apply key PNF facilitation techniques (e.g., hold-relax, contract-relax, rhythmic stabilization) for improving mobility and stability.

Explain progressive resistive exercise (PRE) protocols, including those of DeLorme, Oxford, and DAPRE.

Describe the principles, types, and therapeutic applications of suspension therapy.

Explain the principles of post-surgical rehabilitation, including early mobilization and progressive loading.

Describe the procedure and interpret findings of common special orthopedic tests for the spine, shoulder, hip, and knee.

Describe the physiotherapy assessment and management of common fractures (e.g., Colles', neck of femur, vertebral).

Explain the clinical features, assessment, and PT management of osteoarthritis.

Explain the clinical features, assessment, and PT management of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.

Describe the assessment and rehabilitation of soft tissue injuries (ligament sprains, muscle strains, tendinopathies).

Explain rehabilitation protocols following total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) surgeries.

Describe the assessment and conservative management of lumbar disc prolapse.

Describe the assessment and management of cervical and lumbar spondylosis and spondylolisthesis.

Assess a stroke patient using Brunnstrom stages of motor recovery and appropriate clinical scales (e.g., Fugl-Meyer).

Describe principles of PT management for hemiplegic stroke at different stages of recovery.

Explain key principles and techniques of the Bobath (NDT) approach for neurological rehabilitation.

Explain key principles and techniques of the Rood approach, focusing on sensory stimulation to influence motor control.

Explain key principles and techniques of the PNF approach in the context of neurological rehabilitation.

Classify spinal cord injuries using the ASIA impairment scale and describe common clinical syndromes (e.g., Central Cord, Brown-Sequard).

Correlate key spinal cord injury levels (e.g., C4, C6, T6, L1) with expected functional outcomes.

Describe principles and techniques of balance and coordination training for patients with neurological deficits.

Explain the PT assessment and management of Parkinson's disease, including strategies for gait and balance deficits.

Explain the PT assessment and management of multiple sclerosis, considering disease types and fatigue management.

Describe the assessment and management of upper limb peripheral nerve injuries (radial, median, ulnar).

Describe the assessment and management of lower limb peripheral nerve injuries (sciatic, common peroneal).

Explain the PT management of Guillain-Barre syndrome across acute, plateau, and recovery phases.

Explain the PT management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) using the Rancho Los Amigos scale to guide interventions.

Describe the PT management of motor neuron disease (MND), focusing on function preservation and compensation.

Define and interpret key neurological outcome measures (Glasgow Coma Scale, Modified Ashworth Scale, NIH Stroke Scale).

Describe normal motor development milestones and the integration of primitive reflexes.

Describe the PT assessment and management of common pediatric neurological conditions (e.g., Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, Muscular Dystrophies).

Explain the principles of Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework.

Differentiate between common research designs (e.g., RCT, cohort, case-control) and levels of evidence.

Interpret basic biostatistical concepts (p-value, confidence interval) and describe the properties of outcome measures (validity, reliability).

Describe common types of errors in MCQ reference books and develop a process for cross-referencing answers with standard textbooks.

Apply the cross-referencing process to identify and document correct answers from the specified reference books.

Develop a time-management and revision strategy to cover key topics from multiple reference books before the exam.