Foundations in Clinical Cardiology and Diagnostics

Correlate clinical examination findings (apex beat, heaves, thrills, murmurs, added sounds) with underlying cardiac pathologies.

Interpret complex 12-lead ECGs, focusing on axis deviation, chamber hypertrophy, bundle branch blocks, and fascicular blocks.

Systematically interpret chest X-rays for cardiac contour, chamber enlargement, and signs of pulmonary venous hypertension.

Interpret key findings from an echocardiography report, including ejection fraction, diastolic function, and valvular gradients.

Apply diagnostic algorithms for the evaluation of common cardiac presentations: chest pain, dyspnea, and palpitations.

Integrate cardiac biomarkers (Troponins, BNP/NT-proBNP) into the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of cardiac patients.

Interpret the results and clinical implications of exercise stress testing and myocardial perfusion imaging.

Describe the indications for and interpret findings of coronary angiography.