Foundations of Electricity and DC Circuits

Explain the atomic structure of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors in terms of electron behavior.

Define electric charge and apply Coulomb's Law to calculate the force between point charges.

Define electric potential difference (voltage) and its relationship to the electric field.

Define electric current as the rate of flow of charge and resistance as the opposition to current flow.

Apply Ohm's law (V=IR) to calculate voltage, current, and resistance in simple circuits.

Derive and apply power equations (P=VI, P=I²R) to calculate energy consumption in resistive circuits.

Apply Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Voltage Law (KVL) to analyze single-loop and multi-loop circuits.

Calculate the equivalent resistance of networks combining series and parallel resistor arrangements.