Reversibility and the Carnot Cycle

Distinguish between reversible and irreversible processes, identifying common sources of irreversibility (e.g., friction, free expansion).

Explain why reversible processes are theoretical ideals that deliver maximum work or require minimum work.

Describe the four processes of the Carnot cycle and represent it on a P-V diagram.

Explain why the Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle possible operating between two thermal reservoirs.

Derive the Carnot efficiency formula in terms of absolute temperatures (η_th,rev = 1 - TL/TH).

Calculate the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine and COP of a refrigerator operating between two given temperatures.