Biological and Chemical Foundations

Define atoms, ions, and molecules, and explain the concept of electrical charge.

Describe the basic components of an animal cell, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

Define proteins and explain their diverse roles in cells, such as enzymes, receptors, and channels.

Explain the principles of diffusion and movement of substances across a concentration gradient.

Explain the concept of electrical potential (voltage) in a biological context.

Distinguish between ion channels and ion pumps, using the sodium-potassium pump as an example.