DevOps Engineering

Transform command output and JSON data using pipes, grep, awk, sed, and jq.

Write a defensive Bash script that validates inputs, handles failures, and returns meaningful exit codes.

Use branches, focused commits, pull requests, and merge conflict resolution in a collaborative Git workflow.

Read and modify a Python automation script that uses variables, collections, conditions, loops, and functions.

Write a Python command-line script that reads arguments, environment variables, and JSON data while handling errors.

Use Boto3 pagination to inventory selected AWS resources and report relevant attributes.

Explain how Terraform configuration, providers, resources, data sources, and state interact during a run.

Use the init, fmt, validate, plan, apply, and destroy workflow safely on a small AWS configuration.

Declare an AWS resource with typed input variables, local values, and useful outputs.

Express dependencies between AWS resources through Terraform references rather than manual ordering.

Configure encrypted remote Terraform state with locking and appropriate access controls.

Build and consume a reusable Terraform module for an AWS infrastructure component.

Create repeated resources predictably with for_each and stable resource keys.

Import an existing AWS resource into Terraform and reconcile its configuration without unintended replacement.

Explain how images, containers, registries, namespaces, and control groups relate to one another.

Write a multi-stage Dockerfile that produces a small, reproducible application image.

Use layer ordering and build cache behavior to reduce container image build time.

Configure container ports, environment variables, networks, and persistent volumes for a local workload.

Run a multi-container application locally with Docker Compose.

Diagnose a failed container using its status, logs, metadata, and an interactive shell.

Run a container with reduced privileges and scan its image for known vulnerabilities.

Explain how the Kubernetes API, desired state, controllers, scheduler, and kubelet cooperate to run workloads.

Use kubectl contexts, namespaces, labels, selectors, and structured output to inspect a cluster safely.

Define and deploy a stateless application with a Kubernetes Deployment.

Expose a workload internally and explain how Kubernetes Service discovery routes traffic to Pods.

Inject non-sensitive configuration and sensitive values using ConfigMaps and Secrets.

Configure startup, readiness, and liveness probes for a containerized application.

Set CPU and memory requests and limits based on workload behavior.

Perform a controlled Deployment rollout and rollback while inspecting revision status.

Explain the AWS infrastructure, Kubernetes components, and identity flow involved in an EKS request.

Install, configure, upgrade, and roll back an application release with Helm.

Expose an EKS application through an AWS load balancer and Kubernetes ingress configuration.

Provision persistent storage for an EKS workload using a suitable Kubernetes StorageClass and claim.

Configure horizontal Pod autoscaling from workload resource metrics.

Grant an EKS workload AWS permissions without embedding long-lived access keys.

Diagnose a Pending, CrashLoopBackOff, or ImagePullBackOff workload using events, logs, and resource state.

Design a CI/CD workflow with distinct validation, build, publication, deployment, and verification stages.

Create a reusable GitHub Actions workflow with controlled triggers, dependencies, caching, and artifacts.

Authenticate a GitHub Actions workflow to AWS through OpenID Connect instead of stored AWS access keys.

Build, test, scan, and publish a versioned container image in a GitHub Actions workflow.

Run Terraform validation and plans on pull requests, with an approval-controlled apply path.

Deploy a versioned Helm release to EKS with environment protection and a tested rollback path.

Select metrics, logs, and traces that represent the four golden signals for a service.

Write Prometheus queries that calculate request rate, error ratio, latency, and resource saturation.

Build a Grafana dashboard that supports diagnosis of a specific service failure.

Use structured logs and correlation identifiers to follow a request across service boundaries.

Interpret a distributed trace to locate latency or failure within a request path.

Define a measurable service-level indicator, objective, and error budget for a service.

Create an actionable alert tied to user impact and document its immediate response in a runbook.

Conduct a blameless incident review that identifies contributing conditions and concrete follow-up actions.

Derive a least-privilege AWS IAM policy from a stated human, pipeline, or workload requirement.

Threat-model a delivery path from source commit through build artifacts to production deployment.

Store and retrieve application secrets using AWS-managed encryption without exposing them in source control or logs.

Apply Kubernetes RBAC and network policy rules that restrict a workload to required access.

Generate an SBOM and verify the provenance or signature of a container artifact.

Enforce a deployment rule with policy as code before a non-compliant workload reaches production.

Compare AWS deployment options using workload requirements and estimated unit cost.

Distinguish a platform product and golden path from a collection of infrastructure automation scripts.

Convert a repeated application delivery process into a self-service template with documented inputs and guardrails.

Design an AWS platform architecture that integrates Terraform, EKS, secure CI/CD, and observability.

Evaluate an architecture decision across reliability, security, operability, delivery speed, and cost.

Diagnose a cross-layer failure by forming and testing hypotheses across AWS, Kubernetes, delivery, and application telemetry.

Present the capstone architecture concisely and defend its major technical trade-offs in an interview.

Answer a production incident interview scenario using a structured triage, mitigation, communication, and prevention approach.