The Studio Paradox

Compute marginal and stratum-specific satisfaction associations from two studios' data to demonstrate how both can truthfully claim superiority.

Identify a confounding variable in the client intake process that, when conditioned on, creates a misleading association between studio choice and satisfaction.

Apply the backdoor adjustment formula to determine the true causal effect of studio choice on satisfaction, isolating it from confounding factors.

Estimate the causal effect through a mediating variable using the front-door adjustment formula when direct adjustment is not possible.