Python Programming Foundations

Write Python functions with parameters, return values, and docstrings

Use list comprehensions and generator expressions for data transformation

Implement a Python class with attributes, methods, and a constructor (__init__)

Implement inheritance and demonstrate polymorphism with method overriding

Handle exceptions using try-except blocks and create custom exceptions

Work with files: read, write, and process CSV and JSON data

Use standard library modules: os, sys, datetime, and collections

Manage dependencies with virtual environments and write unit tests using pytest