C Foundations and Development Toolchain

Write, compile, and run a basic C program, explaining the compilation pipeline (preprocessing, compilation, assembly, linking).

Use fundamental data types, operators, and control flow, comparing their C implementation to JavaScript/PHP equivalents.

Define and call functions, explaining the pass-by-value mechanism for function arguments.

Parse basic command-line arguments using argc and argv to create simple interactive tools.

Implement basic error handling by checking function return values and using `perror` and `errno`.

Use `printf` for basic debugging and tracing of program flow and variable states.

Apply C preprocessor directives for file inclusion, conditional compilation, and simple macros.