Memory Hierarchy and Cache Systems

Explain the memory hierarchy (registers, cache, RAM, disk) and its latency trade-offs

Describe how CPU caches work, including cache lines, tags, and indexing

Compare direct-mapped, set-associative, and fully-associative cache organizations

Analyze cache hits and misses by applying principles of spatial and temporal locality

Calculate cache performance metrics: hit rate, miss penalty, and average memory access time

Identify cache-unfriendly memory access patterns in C++ code