The First Law: Energy is Conserved

State the First Law of Thermodynamics as the principle of energy conservation.

Define internal energy as a property of a system and distinguish it from other forms of energy.

Apply the closed system energy balance (ΔE = Q - W) with correct sign conventions for heat and work.

Distinguish between state functions (properties) and path functions (heat and work) using graphical and physical examples.

Define and explain the physical meaning of specific heats at constant volume (Cv) and constant pressure (Cp).

Relate changes in internal energy and enthalpy to temperature changes for an ideal gas using specific heats.