Data Representation and Low-Level Manipulation

Apply storage classes (static, extern, register) with correct linkage and lifetime semantics in multi-file projects.

Apply `volatile` correctly for ISR-shared variables, memory-mapped I/O, and as a compiler optimization barrier.

Enforce `const` correctness with const pointers, pointers-to-const, and `const volatile` for read-only hardware registers.

Calculate structure size and padding manually, and rearrange struct members to minimize memory footprint.

Apply `#pragma pack` and `__attribute__((packed))` to control data alignment and explain the performance trade-offs.

Implement the `offsetof` macro and use it within the `container_of` pattern to work with intrusive data structures.

Write code to detect system endianness at runtime and perform conversions between little-endian, big-endian, and network byte order.

Develop a set of type-safe, efficient macros for hardware register manipulation (read, write, set, clear bits/fields).