Renal Function and Urinalysis

Interpret blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, and understand factors affecting the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Interpret urine dipstick results for protein, blood, glucose, ketones, and nitrites.

Interpret a urine microscopy report (e.g., presence of casts, cells, crystals) to guide diagnosis of renal pathology.

Differentiate glomerular from non-glomerular hematuria using urinalysis findings.

Interpret urine specific gravity and osmolality in the context of volume status and renal concentrating ability.

Synthesize serum and urine markers to differentiate between prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal acute kidney injury.

Recognize patterns of urinary tract infection from urinalysis and correlate with culture results.