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Apply nodal analysis to determine all node voltages in a multi-node DC circuit.

Apply mesh analysis to determine all loop currents in a multi-loop DC circuit.

Apply the principle of superposition to analyze linear circuits with multiple independent sources.

Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for a linear network to simplify analysis.

Determine the Norton equivalent circuit for a linear network.

Perform source transformations between voltage sources with series resistance and current sources with parallel resistance.

Describe the voltage-current relationship for a capacitor using the concept of a derivative (i = C dv/dt).

Describe the voltage-current relationship for an inductor using the concept of a derivative (v = L di/dt).

Explain the behavior of capacitors and inductors in DC steady-state conditions (open and short circuits).

Calculate the energy stored in a capacitor and an inductor.

Calculate the equivalent capacitance for capacitors connected in series and parallel.

Calculate the equivalent inductance for inductors connected in series and parallel.

Determine initial conditions (at t=0+) for capacitor voltages and inductor currents in a switched circuit.

Formulate and solve the first-order differential equation for the transient response of RC circuits.

Formulate and solve the first-order differential equation for the transient response of RL circuits.

Define the time constant (τ) and explain its significance in determining the response speed of first-order circuits.

Analyze the complete response (natural + forced) of first-order circuits to a step input.

Sketch voltage and current waveforms during the transient phase for RC and RL circuits.

Derive the second-order differential equation for series and parallel RLC circuits.

Calculate the natural frequency (ω₀) and damping ratio (ζ) for a second-order circuit.

Characterize the transient response as overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped based on circuit parameters.

Solve for the natural (source-free) response of an overdamped RLC circuit (real, distinct roots).

Solve for the natural (source-free) response of a critically damped RLC circuit (real, repeated roots).

Solve for the natural (source-free) response of an underdamped RLC circuit (complex conjugate roots).

Sketch the characteristic response waveforms for overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped conditions.

Represent sinusoidal signals using amplitude, frequency, and phase, and convert them to complex exponential form using Euler's formula.

Perform arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) with complex numbers in both rectangular and polar forms.

Represent sinusoidal voltages and currents as phasors in the complex plane.

Define impedance as the frequency-dependent relationship between phasor voltage and phasor current for R, L, and C.

Apply KVL, KCL, and Ohm's Law in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances.

Calculate the equivalent impedance for series and parallel combinations of components.

Use nodal and mesh analysis with phasors to solve for steady-state AC circuit responses.

Calculate average power, reactive power, and complex power in AC circuits.

Define the power factor and explain how to perform power factor correction.

Define a circuit's transfer function in the frequency domain (H(jω)).

Calculate and sketch the magnitude and phase response (Bode plots) for first-order RC and RL circuits.

Identify these circuits' behavior as low-pass or high-pass filters and determine their cutoff frequencies.

Analyze series and parallel RLC circuits to find resonant frequency, bandwidth, and quality factor (Q).

Describe the physical structure and I-V characteristics of a pn-junction diode.

Apply the ideal diode model and the constant voltage drop model to analyze simple diode circuits.

Analyze the operation of half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits to convert AC to pulsating DC.

Analyze the operation of a capacitor filter in a rectifier to smooth the DC output.

Analyze the operation of a peak detector circuit.

Describe the operation and application of Zener diodes for voltage regulation.

Describe the physical structure and operation principles of npn and pnp BJTs.

Identify the three regions of BJT operation (cutoff, active, saturation) and their conditions.

Apply the large-signal model (e.g., VBE ≈ 0.7V, IC = βIB) for DC analysis in the active region.

Analyze a fixed-bias BJT circuit to determine its DC operating point (Q-point).

Analyze a voltage-divider bias BJT circuit to determine its Q-point.

Design a voltage-divider bias circuit to establish a desired, stable Q-point.

Explain the concept of small-signal analysis for amplifying time-varying signals around a DC Q-point.

Construct the hybrid-pi small-signal equivalent circuit for a BJT, defining parameters gm and rπ.

Analyze a common-emitter (CE) amplifier to determine its voltage gain, input impedance, and output impedance.

Analyze an emitter-follower (CC) amplifier to determine its voltage gain, input impedance, and output impedance.

Analyze a common-base (CB) amplifier to determine its voltage gain, input impedance, and output impedance.

Compare the primary characteristics (gain, impedance) of CE, CC, and CB amplifier configurations.

Explain how internal BJT capacitances and the Miller effect limit high-frequency amplifier performance.

Describe the properties of the ideal operational amplifier (op-amp) and its two 'golden rules'.

Analyze and design an inverting amplifier circuit to achieve a specified gain.

Analyze and design a non-inverting amplifier circuit to achieve a specified gain.

Analyze the voltage follower (buffer) circuit and explain its use for impedance isolation.

Analyze and design a summing amplifier to combine multiple input signals.

Analyze and design a difference amplifier to amplify the voltage difference between two inputs.

Analyze an op-amp integrator circuit and describe its time-domain behavior.

Analyze an op-amp differentiator circuit and describe its time-domain behavior.

Describe the impact of key non-ideal op-amp characteristics (finite open-loop gain, input offset voltage, slew rate) on circuit performance.

Analyze a first-order active low-pass filter using an op-amp.

Analyze a first-order active high-pass filter using an op-amp.

Explain the operation of an op-amp as a comparator for comparing two analog voltages.

Describe how a comparator forms the fundamental building block of a flash Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC).

Explain the concept of a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) using a summing op-amp amplifier as an example.