Pointers, `const`, and Core Operations

Explain the difference between a pointer's value (an address) and the value it points to.

Perform pointer arithmetic (increment, decrement, subtraction) on different pointer types and predict results based on type size.

Differentiate between NULL pointers, dangling pointers, and wild pointers, and identify examples of each in code.

Use pass-by-pointer to modify variables in a calling function.

Apply `const` to pointers, distinguishing between a constant pointer, a pointer to a constant, and a constant pointer to a constant.

Predict the behavior of code that returns a pointer to a local (stack) variable and explain the resulting undefined behavior.