Energy and Chemistry

Interpret a reaction-energy diagram to classify a process as endothermic or exothermic and relate the energy change to bond breaking and bond formation.

Predict qualitatively whether a chemical change is thermodynamically favored by considering enthalpy, entropy, and temperature.

Trace oxidation, reduction, electron flow, ion movement, and energy conversion in a simple battery cell.

Construct and compare energy-flow diagrams for combustion, hydrogen fuel cells, batteries, and photovoltaic systems, identifying storage steps and major energy losses.