JavaScript Scope & Memory: Closures, 'this', and Prototypes

Explain how closures are created, how they capture variables from their lexical scope, and common memory implications.

Describe practical use cases for closures, such as creating private data and function factories.

Explain the four rules for determining the 'this' binding in different function invocation contexts.

Describe how bind, call, and apply can be used to explicitly set the 'this' context of a function.

Explain JavaScript's prototypal inheritance model and how the prototype chain is traversed for property lookup.

Describe how ES6 classes are primarily syntactic sugar over the underlying prototypal inheritance mechanism.