Thermodynamics: Energy and the First Law

Define thermodynamic systems, states, processes, and properties (e.g., enthalpy).

Apply the Ideal Gas Law to relate pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases.

Distinguish between heat, work, and internal energy, and apply sign conventions.

Apply the First Law of Thermodynamics to analyze closed systems (non-flow processes).

Analyze common thermodynamic processes for ideal gases: isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic.

Apply the steady-flow energy equation (First Law for open systems) to components like nozzles, diffusers, and heat exchangers.