Academics

Plot and interpret ordered pairs on the Cartesian coordinate plane.

Distinguish linear from nonlinear relationships using tables, graphs, and equations.

Calculate the slope of a line from a graph or two points.

Graph a linear equation written in slope-intercept form.

Determine the equation of a line from its graph or from two points.

Construct a linear model for a real-world relationship.

Solve and graph one-variable linear inequalities.

Solve a system of two linear equations by graphing.

Apply the product, quotient, and power laws of exponents.

Rewrite expressions involving zero and negative integer exponents.

Add and subtract polynomial expressions.

Multiply a monomial by a polynomial using the distributive property.

Expand two binomial expressions.

Factor a quadratic expression whose leading coefficient is 1.

Solve a quadratic equation by factoring.

Interpret the key features of a quadratic graph, including its intercepts and vertex.

Classify angles and apply relationships between complementary and supplementary angles.

Determine unknown angles formed by intersecting lines.

Determine unknown angles formed when a transversal crosses parallel lines.

Use angle-sum properties to determine unknown angles in triangles and polygons.

Apply triangle congruence criteria to justify that two triangles are congruent.

Apply similarity criteria to justify that two triangles are similar.

Use proportional reasoning to calculate missing side lengths in similar figures.

Construct a short deductive geometric argument from stated facts.

Apply the Pythagorean theorem to calculate an unknown side of a right triangle.

Use the distance formula to calculate the distance between two coordinate points.

Calculate the perimeter and area of compound two-dimensional figures.

Calculate the circumference and area of circles.

Calculate the surface area of prisms and cylinders.

Calculate the volume of prisms and cylinders.

Describe translations, reflections, rotations, and enlargements using mathematical notation.

Determine whether a geometric transformation preserves length, angle, orientation, or size.

Distinguish independent, dependent, and controlled variables in an investigation.

Formulate a testable scientific question and a justified hypothesis.

Design a controlled investigation that produces relevant and sufficient data.

Select appropriate SI units and measuring instruments for common scientific quantities.

Organize experimental measurements in a correctly formatted data table.

Construct and interpret line graphs and scatter plots from experimental data.

Distinguish accuracy, precision, reliability, and validity in experimental evidence.

Write an evidence-based scientific conclusion and identify a justified improvement to the method.

Compare the defining features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Relate the structures of major cell organelles to their functions.

Calculate actual specimen size or magnification from microscope information.

Predict the movement of substances across membranes by diffusion and osmosis.

Explain photosynthesis using a balanced chemical equation and the roles of its reactants and products.

Explain aerobic cellular respiration using a balanced chemical equation and the roles of its reactants and products.

Describe the relationships among DNA, genes, chromosomes, and inherited traits.

Predict outcomes of simple genetic crosses using Punnett squares.

Use the particle model to explain states of matter and changes of state.

Distinguish elements, compounds, and mixtures using particle representations.

Determine the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in atoms and common ions.

Use periodic-table position to predict basic properties of an element.

Compare ionic and covalent bonding using electron behavior.

Write formulas for simple ionic compounds from their ion charges.

Balance simple chemical equations using conservation of mass.

Use the pH scale and indicators to classify substances as acidic, neutral, or alkaline.

Calculate speed from distance and time measurements.

Interpret motion using distance–time graphs.

Calculate acceleration from a change in velocity over time.

Draw and interpret free-body diagrams for balanced and unbalanced forces.

Apply Newton's laws to explain changes in an object's motion.

Calculate work done and changes in kinetic or gravitational potential energy.

Analyze energy transfers in a system and calculate efficiency.

Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength using the wave equation.

Identify subjects, predicates, phrases, and clauses in sentences.

Correct sentence fragments and run-on sentences.

Apply subject–verb agreement consistently in writing.

Use commas, semicolons, colons, and apostrophes accurately.

Infer the meaning of unfamiliar words from context and word parts.

Identify a text's central idea and its supporting details.

Write an objective summary of a literary or informational text.

Distinguish explicit statements from reasonable inferences in a text.

Identify plot, setting, conflict, narrator, and point of view in a literary text.

Analyze how characterization is developed through actions, dialogue, and description.

Determine a theme and explain how textual details develop it.

Explain the effect of a specific image, symbol, or example of figurative language.

Analyze how diction creates tone and influences mood.

Analyze how the structure of a text shapes its meaning or impact.

Compare how two texts present a shared idea or issue.

Support an interpretive claim with relevant textual evidence and clear reasoning.

Formulate a focused thesis that directly answers a writing prompt.

Construct a coherent analytical paragraph using a claim, evidence, and explanation.

Organize an academic essay with a logical introduction, body, and conclusion.

Integrate and cite quotations without disrupting sentence grammar.

Use transitions and reference words to create cohesion between ideas.

Revise a draft to improve clarity, precision, and logical flow.

Construct an argument that addresses evidence and a relevant counterclaim.

Deliver a structured oral presentation using clear language and relevant supporting evidence.