Indian Law

Test a statutory classification or state action against the equality requirements of Article 14 of the Constitution.

Assess whether a restriction on an Article 19 freedom falls within the constitutionally permitted grounds and satisfies proportionality.

Evaluate a deprivation of life or personal liberty under Article 21’s requirements of legality, fairness, and due process.

Select the appropriate constitutional writ and identify the court’s scope of judicial review for a stated rights violation.

Identify the binding ratio of a judgment and apply the hierarchy of precedent while distinguishing obiter dicta.

Construct a public-information issue map linking RTI disclosure, exemptions, and appeals with Articles 19 and 21, the General Clauses Acts, judicial-record rules, and contempt restrictions.

Determine civil-court jurisdiction and the proper place of suing from territorial, pecuniary, subject-matter, and statutory-bar facts.

Draft the material allegations and relief portion of a plaint and test it for rejection under Order VII Rule 11 CPC.

Resolve joinder, non-joinder, misjoinder, representative-suit, and addition-of-party issues under the CPC.

Determine the procedural consequences of service, non-appearance, delayed written statements, set-off, and counterclaim.

Apply res sub judice and res judicata to decide whether a later proceeding may continue.

Select and use discovery, interrogatories, admissions, and document-production procedures for a civil dispute.

Determine whether temporary injunction, receiver, or attachment-before-judgment relief should be granted on stated facts.

Select the lawful CPC route for amendment, withdrawal, compromise, or court-referred alternative dispute resolution.

Sequence the procedural stages of a contested civil trial from settlement of issues through arguments and pronouncement.

Distinguish a judgment, decree, and order and identify the procedural remedy available against each.

Select and apply the requirements for a first or second civil appeal.

Distinguish review, revision, and reference and determine when each remedy is maintainable.

Choose the correct mode of execution and resolve attachment, sale, resistance, and third-party claim issues.

Compute limitation for a civil claim or application, including exclusion, condonation, acknowledgment, and continuing wrong.

Determine suit valuation and court fees under the Suits Valuation Act, 1887 and Maharashtra Court Fees Act, 1959.

Apply the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 rules on jurisdiction, pre-institution mediation, pleadings, disclosure, and case management.

Determine whether a fact is relevant and admissible using facts-in-issue, transaction, motive, preparation, conduct, and conspiracy rules.

Assess the admissibility and evidentiary effect of admissions, confessions, and dying declarations.

Allocate the burden of proof and apply statutory presumptions and estoppel to a fact problem.

Apply the rules governing oral evidence, hearsay exclusions, and unavailable witnesses.

Establish or challenge documentary proof using primary, secondary, public, private, and attested documents.

Determine the admissibility and method of proof of an electronic record under the BSA and Indian Evidence Act.

Conduct examination-in-chief, cross-examination, re-examination, contradiction, corroboration, and impeachment of a witness.

Choose between the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 for a proceeding and identify a material changed rule.

Determine whether offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention create an enforceable contract.

Assess contractual capacity, free consent, legality, and the effect of void or contingent agreements.

Determine whether contractual obligations were performed, discharged, frustrated, novated, remitted, or rescinded.

Construct a breach-of-contract issue map linking contractual liability and damages with specific relief, limitation, CPC procedure, evidence, court fees, arbitration, and commercial-court jurisdiction.

Classify and resolve a problem involving indemnity, guarantee, bailment, pledge, or agency under the Contract Act.

Construct a sale-of-goods dispute map linking contractual terms, passage of property, risk, unpaid-seller remedies, partnership or agency authority, CPC procedure, limitation, and evidence.

Determine partners’ authority, mutual liabilities, dissolution consequences, and the effect of non-registration under the Partnership Act, 1932.

Construct a cheque-dishonour case map linking the Negotiable Instruments Act with the underlying contract, partnership or agency liability, limitation, statutory notice, criminal procedure, and documentary or electronic evidence.

Apply transferability, conditional-transfer, election, ostensible-owner, and feeding-the-grant rules under the Transfer of Property Act.

Construct a property-dispute map linking priority, lis pendens, part-performance, redemption, title, and possession under the TPA with specific relief, MLRC entries, CPC, limitation, court fees, evidence, registration, stamp, and easement issues.

Determine the rights and liabilities created by a lease, gift, or transfer of an actionable claim.

Determine whether specific performance or substituted performance is available and assess the applicable statutory defenses.

Select and frame declaratory, preventive-injunction, or mandatory-injunction relief under the Specific Relief Act, 1963.

Construct an arbitration-dispute map linking the arbitration agreement and award with contract validity, interim relief, limitation, CPC principles, court fees, and Commercial Courts Act procedure.

Construct a rent-and-eviction issue map linking the Maharashtra Rent Control Act with lease and termination rules under the TPA, contractual waiver, CPC procedure, limitation, court fees, specific relief, and evidence.

Identify the competent revenue authority and challenge or use a revenue entry under the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966.

Determine Family Court jurisdiction and the procedural treatment of a matrimonial or maintenance dispute.

Construct a matrimonial-status issue map linking validity, nullity, divorce, and child-marriage consequences under the HMA, SMA, and Prohibition of Child Marriage Act with Family Court jurisdiction, CPC procedure, evidence, and constitutional protections.

Select and apply divorce, judicial-separation, restitution, and ancillary-relief provisions under the Hindu Marriage Act or Special Marriage Act.

Construct a family-support issue map linking maintenance, residence, protection, custody, and monetary relief under HAMA and the Domestic Violence Act with Family Court jurisdiction, CPC or criminal procedure, and evidence.

Construct an adoption-and-custody issue map linking HAMA adoption requirements with the Guardians and Wards Act, Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, Family Courts Act, welfare principle, and evidentiary proof.

Resolve guardianship and child-custody questions under the Guardians and Wards Act and Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act using the welfare principle.

Construct a Hindu-succession dispute map linking intestate and coparcenary devolution with transfers, family settlements, CPC procedure, limitation, court fees, and documentary evidence.

Construct a probate-and-succession issue map linking testamentary validity and administration under the Indian Succession Act with CPC procedure, limitation, court fees, suspicious-circumstance evidence, and property transfers.

Choose between the CrPC and BNSS for a procedural event using commencement and savings rules, and locate the corresponding provision.

Assess registration of an FIR and the legality of investigation, search, seizure, statements, and the final police report.

Determine the legality of arrest, notice of appearance, custody, remand, and safeguards of the accused.

Select the proper bail provision and argue regular, anticipatory, default, or statutory bail on stated facts.

Determine jurisdiction, cognizance, complaint procedure, issuance of process, and committal to the Court of Session.

Frame or challenge a charge and determine whether discharge is required.

Conduct the stages of a Sessions trial, including prosecution evidence, accused examination, defence evidence, and arguments.

Select and apply criminal appeal, revision, reference, transfer, or inherent/supervisory remedies.

Choose between the IPC and BNS for an alleged offence and identify the legally significant changes relevant to liability or punishment.

Establish actus reus, mens rea, causation, and attempt for an offence on stated facts.

Distinguish common intention, common object, abetment, and criminal conspiracy as bases of group liability.

Determine whether a general exception negates criminal liability and allocate the applicable evidentiary burden.

Construct a homicide issue map linking murder, culpable homicide, group liability, and exceptions under IPC/BNS with CrPC/BNSS investigation and trial, IEA/BSA proof, constitutional safeguards, forensic evidence, and sentencing.

Classify hurt, grievous hurt, sexual offences, and offences against women or children under the applicable code.

Distinguish theft, extortion, robbery, dacoity, and misappropriation and establish their required elements.

Distinguish cheating, criminal breach of trust, forgery, and use of a false document on commercial facts.

Construct a caste-based-offence issue map linking the SC/ST Act or Protection of Civil Rights Act with IPC/BNS liability, CrPC/BNSS procedure, IEA/BSA presumptions and proof, victim relief, and Articles 14, 15, 17, and 21.

Construct a rape-or-POCSO issue map linking IPC/BNS and POCSO charges with CrPC/BNSS procedure, IEA/BSA proof and presumptions, medical and electronic evidence, victim safeguards, and constitutional rights.

Construct an NDPS prosecution map linking search, seizure, sampling, possession, quantity, and statutory presumptions with CrPC/BNSS procedure, IEA/BSA proof, bail restrictions, and Article 21 safeguards.

Construct a child-in-conflict-with-law issue map linking the Juvenile Justice Act with IPC/BNS allegations, age determination, CrPC/BNSS and IEA/BSA principles, constitutional safeguards, and rehabilitative or probationary dispositions.

Construct an organised-crime issue map linking MCOCA thresholds, conspiracy or group liability, sanction, interception, and special evidence with IPC/BNS, CrPC/BNSS, IEA/BSA, bail, and constitutional safeguards.

Construct a corruption-prosecution issue map linking demand, acceptance, trap evidence, presumption, and sanction under the Prevention of Corruption Act with CrPC/BNSS stages, IEA/BSA proof, and constitutional protections.

Construct a cyber-offence issue map linking the Information Technology Act with IPC/BNS cheating or forgery, territorial jurisdiction, intermediary liability, CrPC/BNSS investigation, and BSA/IEA electronic proof.

Construct a contempt issue map linking civil or criminal contempt with constitutional free-speech and due-process principles, publication or RTI issues, evidentiary proof, available defenses, and punishment.

Set out the court heading, cause title, appearances, procedural history, and formal parts of a civil judgment in accordance with the Bombay High Court Civil Manual.

Convert a plaint, written statement, and trial record into a neutral chronology and concise statement of rival cases.

Frame distinct civil issues that reflect material propositions and place the burden of proof correctly.

Marshal oral and documentary evidence and record an issue-wise finding using the correct standard of proof.

Select the legally available relief and draft a decree-grade operative order covering possession, injunction, interest, and costs.

Produce a complete original civil judgment from a supplied record within an exam-appropriate time limit.

Write an appellate civil judgment that identifies the points for determination and confirms, varies, or reverses the decree with reasons.

Calculate just compensation and draft the operative portion of a Motor Vehicles Act claim award.

Set out the caption, appearances, charge history, plea, and formal parts of a Sessions judgment under the Bombay High Court Criminal Manual.

Convert the prosecution case, defence, and procedural record into a concise and neutral case summary.

Frame precise points for determination that capture every ingredient the prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt.

Evaluate eyewitness, circumstantial, medical, forensic, identification, and recovery evidence as a coherent proof chain.

Assess the evidentiary use of the FIR, confession, dying declaration, omissions, contradictions, and the accused’s examination.

Draft reasoned findings and a legally complete conviction or acquittal order, including sentence, compensation, disposal of property, and bond directions.

Produce a complete Sessions judgment from a supplied record within an exam-appropriate time limit.

Respond to viva scenarios with judicial temperament, ethical independence, procedural fairness, and a concise oral defense of a legal conclusion.