Science and Mathematics

Trace one complete cycle of blood through the heart, lungs, and body, identifying changes in blood oxygenation.

Compare arteries, veins, and capillaries by relating their structures to their functions.

Relate the structures of heart chambers, valves, and the septum to one-way blood flow and effective pumping.

Predict the effects of deficiencies or failures in red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma from a given scenario.

Distinguish xylem from phloem by the substances transported, direction of movement, and role in the plant.

Explain how water moves from the soil through root hairs and xylem to the leaves by transpiration pull.

Interpret experimental data to predict how light, temperature, humidity, and air movement affect the rate of transpiration.

Explain the direction of heat transfer and the resulting temperature change in endothermic and exothermic reactions.

Classify reactions as endothermic or exothermic using observations, temperature–time data, and everyday examples.

Apply energy-transfer principles to justify the design or selection of a heating or cooling product, such as a hot pack or cold pack.