Biology, Health, Arts and Core Studies

Relate the structures of a mammalian digestive system to mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, and nutrient absorption.

Relate gas-exchange surface features to efficient diffusion in plants and animals.

Compare how mammalian circulatory systems and plant vascular systems transport materials.

Explain how excretory processes help an organism maintain a stable internal environment.

Apply the taxonomic hierarchy to classify organisms from supplied characteristics.

Use a dichotomous key to identify an unknown organism.

Interpret a cladogram to infer evolutionary relationships and common ancestry.

Explain how heritable variation, natural selection, and isolation can produce adaptation and speciation.

Analyse how abiotic and biotic factors affect the distribution and abundance of a species.

Construct and interpret a food web to trace energy transfer through an ecosystem.

Predict how a disturbance will affect populations by using competition, predation, and other ecosystem relationships.

Evaluate an ecosystem investigation by assessing sampling, validity, reliability, and possible improvements.

Explain how bones, joints, muscles, and levers interact to produce movement.

Trace the nervous-system control of a voluntary movement from stimulus to muscular response.

Explain how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems coordinate oxygen delivery and carbon-dioxide removal during physical activity.

Compare the contribution of the ATP–PC, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic energy systems at different exercise intensities and durations.

Apply force, motion, stability, and balance principles to improve a specified movement.

Select practice and feedback strategies appropriate to a learner’s stage of skill acquisition.

Explain how arousal, motivation, confidence, or concentration can influence movement performance.

Interpret incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and life-expectancy data.

Identify patterns in the health status of young Australians from supplied data.

Explain how social, cultural, economic, and environmental determinants interact to shape health.

Analyse Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health using the effects of colonisation and access alongside culture, connection to Country, and self-determination.

Compare the roles of individuals, communities, organisations, and governments in health promotion.

Evaluate a health initiative for effectiveness, equity, accessibility, and cultural safety.

Explain how character, narrative development, and context shape the representation of change in Searching.

Analyse how film techniques create meaning in selected scenes from Searching.

Develop an adaptable thesis and evidence plan for an unfamiliar essay question about change.

Compose a coherent 45-minute essay on Searching using analysis rather than plot summary.

Distinguish data types and select an appropriate sampling method for a stated investigation.

Construct and interpret bar charts and histograms without misrepresenting the data.

Calculate and interpret measures of central tendency and spread.

Construct box plots and compare distributions using median, range, and interquartile range.

Solve network problems involving paths, trees, and shortest routes.

Use the conceptual framework to explain relationships among artist, artwork, world, and audience.

Analyse an artwork’s materials, techniques, composition, and visual conventions through the structural frame.

Interpret personal experience, emotion, memory, and psychological response through the subjective frame.

Explain how social values, historical conditions, and artistic movements shape meaning through the cultural frame.

Analyse appropriation, irony, challenges to convention, and audience participation through the postmodern frame.

Compose an evidence-based Visual Arts essay comparing how audiences contribute to meaning in selected works by Whiteread, Emin, Hirst, Duchamp, or Millet.

Evaluate a research proposal by identifying weaknesses in sampling, data collection, ethics, reliability, validity, or bias.

Analyse how leadership style and power bases affect group relationships and achievement.

Analyse how family roles, gender, socialisation, support, and change interact in a supplied scenario.

Plan an extended CAFS response that applies accurate terminology and relevant examples to a case study.