C++ Concurrency Fundamentals

Explain how `std::thread` maps to underlying OS primitives like POSIX threads on Linux.

Implement thread creation, joining, and detaching, and manage `std::thread` object lifetimes.

Analyze race conditions and data races at the memory level.

Implement critical sections using `std::mutex` and RAII-based wrappers (`std::lock_guard`, `std::unique_lock`).

Explain how a mutex is typically implemented using atomic operations and OS primitives like futexes.

Use `std::condition_variable` to synchronize threads based on state changes.

Explain the C++ memory model's concept of 'happens-before' and its role in preventing data races.

Analyze and debug common deadlock scenarios (e.g., AB-BA locking).