Islamic Empires and Global Interactions

Summarize the founding of Islam in Mecca using the roles of Muhammad, Allah, Gabriel, and the first revelations around 610 CE.

Explain why the Hijra to Medina in 622 CE was a turning point for Islam and the start of the Islamic calendar.

Explain how Muhammad used preaching, community leadership, and alliances to spread Islam in Arabia.

Identify the Five Pillars of Islam and explain how each shapes Muslim religious practice.

Explain the significance of the Qur'an as a source of religious, moral, and practical guidance for Muslims.

Describe specific ways Islam can shape a believer's worship, behavior, family life, charity, diet, and moral choices.

Explain how disagreement over leadership after Muhammad's death led to the Sunni–Shia division.

Arrange the major course events from 610 CE through the height of the Ottoman Empire in chronological order.

Explain how military strength, leadership, trade, and neighboring empires' weaknesses enabled early Muslim expansion.

Explain how early Muslim expansion increased trade and the movement of religions, ideas, technologies, and cultures.

Explain how internal conflict, opposition to Umayyad rule, and resentment among non-Arab Muslims led to the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE.

Explain how political fragmentation and invasions weakened Abbasid power before the Mongol capture of Baghdad in 1258 CE.

Describe the Islamic Golden Age through representative achievements in mathematics, science, medicine, astronomy, literature, and philosophy.

Explain how translation and preservation of earlier knowledge contributed to scholarship during the Islamic Golden Age.

Use three specific examples to explain how rapid imperial expansion increased interactions among regions.

Explain how the Silk Road connected East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe through exchanges of goods and culture.

Explain how Pope Urban II's call in 1095 and competition over the Holy Land contributed to the start of the Crusades.

Distinguish the major positive and negative effects of the Crusades on trade, cultural exchange, warfare, displacement, and religious relations.

Explain how Genghis Khan used tribal unification, military organization, cavalry, discipline, strategy, and borrowed technology to expand the Mongol Empire.

Explain how Mongol control of major trade routes increased the movement of goods, ideas, technologies, cultures, and diseases.

Compare the role of trade in generating wealth and regional connections for Muslim, Mongol, Ming, Ottoman, and Safavid states.

Trace how one good, idea, technology, religion, or disease moved between regions through conquest or trade.

Explain how the Ottomans developed from a small Turkish state into a large, long-lasting, multiethnic empire.

Explain how gunpowder weapons, cannons, Janissaries, the devshirme system, alliances, and political agreements supported Ottoman expansion.

Explain why the Ottoman capture of Constantinople in 1453 ended the Byzantine Empire and strengthened Ottoman political and commercial power.

Describe the political, religious, economic, and cultural effects of Ottoman rule in southeastern Europe and the Balkans.

Explain how religious accommodation, community self-government, and taxation helped the Ottomans govern a diverse population.

Compare the expansion methods and regional effects of the early Muslim caliphates, Mongols, and Ottomans.