Graph AI Concepts and Exam Answers

Explain why the Data Link Layer requires error control during frame transmission.

Distinguish single-bit errors from burst errors using frame-level examples.

Differentiate error detection, forward error correction, and retransmission.

Explain how redundant bits enable a receiver to identify corrupted frames.

Calculate and verify a parity bit for a binary data unit.

Calculate and verify an Internet-style checksum for a small set of data words.

Perform modulo-2 division using XOR operations.

Generate and verify a cyclic redundancy check codeword for a given generator polynomial.

Determine the number and positions of parity bits in a Hamming code.

Construct and check a Hamming code that corrects a single-bit error.

Explain how acknowledgements, negative acknowledgements, sequence numbers, and timers support Automatic Repeat reQuest.

Trace frame transmission and retransmission in Stop-and-Wait ARQ.

Trace frame transmission and retransmission in Go-Back-N ARQ.

Trace frame transmission and retransmission in Selective Repeat ARQ.

Compare Stop-and-Wait, Go-Back-N, and Selective Repeat ARQ.

Construct a concise 5-mark answer explaining Error Control in the Data Link Layer.

Construct a structured 10-mark answer covering error detection, correction, and ARQ with suitable examples and diagrams.

Solve a typical exam problem involving CRC or Hamming code and present each calculation step clearly.