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Organize the central and peripheral nervous systems and their major subdivisions in a simple diagram.

Distinguish sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons by the direction and purpose of their signals.

Distinguish the somatic and autonomic nervous systems using everyday examples.

Predict how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect the body in a given situation.

Label the main parts of a neuron and state the job of each part.

Explain how glial cells, Schwann cells, myelin, and nodes of Ranvier support neural signaling.

Sequence the major steps of an action potential, including threshold, depolarization, the all-or-none response, and the refractory period.

Trace a message across a synapse, including neurotransmitter release, receptor binding, and reuptake.

Match acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, endorphins, and substance P with their main functions and common effects of imbalance.

Use failures of myelin and acetylcholine receptors to explain the basic symptoms of multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis.

Compare the speed, pathway, and duration of communication in the nervous and endocrine systems.

Match adrenaline, oxytocin, cortisol, and melatonin with their release points and major functions.

Distinguish agonists, antagonists, and reuptake inhibitors by how they change neurotransmitter activity.

Classify common psychoactive drugs as depressants, stimulants, opioids, or hallucinogens.

Predict the major short-term effects and negative after-effects of alcohol, heroin, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, LSD, and THC.

Distinguish tolerance, withdrawal, dependence, and substance use disorder, and identify biological, psychological, and social influences on addiction.

Distinguish neuroplasticity from neurogenesis and explain how each can support recovery or learning.

Choose among EEG, MEG, CT, PET, MRI, and fMRI for a basic question about brain structure or activity.

Distinguish the broad roles of the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

Match the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebellum with their major functions.

Match the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus with their major roles in emotion, memory, motivation, and homeostasis.

Explain how the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland connect brain activity with hormone regulation.

Identify the cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres, and corpus callosum on a basic brain diagram.

Match the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes with their major functions.

Distinguish the motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, and association areas by function.

Infer the likely function of a brain area from lesion evidence, including the Phineas Gage case.

Explain what split-brain surgery changes and what it leaves intact.

Predict what a split-brain patient can say or point to when information appears in one visual field.

Describe brain lateralization accurately without relying on the myth that people are simply “left-brained” or “right-brained.”

Answer mixed scenario-based questions by connecting genes, neural signaling, chemicals, drugs, and brain regions to behavior.